日本 - 以下文章是历年的。任何一篇都需要在一个小时之内翻译成日语。有兴趣的不妨做一下。How do American talk about litigiousness? How does this term convey meaning? How are the meaning of litigiousness learned? Who is their audience? A first step toward addressing these questions is in examining the discourse surrounding litigiousness,a discourse widely shared by American academics, practitioners, and laypeople alike. Its features can be summarized in the following way:1. Scale. The adjective “litigious” is generally applied to groups rather than individuals; it is used in reference to a collective phenomenon. Thus, an ordinary usage would be” American are litigious,” not “may neighbor is litigious.” One’s neighbor might be a troublemaker or a bad neighbor, but not, in ordinary American speech, litigious. The referents of this adjective are virtually always the third-person plural. The open-ended, collective referent of the term suggests that its scale is that of American society itself, or the American society fabric. This scale suggests that when people express concern about litigiousness that they are concerned that some defect exists in American culture or social structure.2. value. Litigiousness carries negative connotations.-----------------In traditional societies(be they in the East or the West) the individual could realize his or her human dignity only according to his or her position in society. They very notion of the autonomy of the individual West, lacked not only the practice of human rights but also the very concept. It was the emergence of the modern State and market economy which called for liberal concepts of human rights and respective practices. The emergence of the market economy made individuals autonomous not only vis-a-vis each other as owners, vendors or buyers, but also vis-a-vis society. This means that a degree of autonomy of the individual vis-a-vis the State was also needed. But the State has always had and still has a propensity to encroach upon the autonomy in the form of human rights and freedoms. Therefore, a modern state and human rights, as entitlements of the individual vis-a-vis the State, are mutually conditioned. Today, in practically all societies, modern States have emerged with certain attributes – police, army, secret services, bureaucracy, etc. For the purposes of our analysis, it is not especially important whether some countries have accepted these attributes from Western societies or have developed them on their own. What matters is whether, having introduced institutions which have the tendency, in the absence of proper guarantees in the form of human rights, to suppress not only the individual freedoms but also to subordinate the whole society to the State apparatus , leaders of these States are free to have human rights aside?-------------------------------In 1786 THE Providence Gazette and Country Journal proudly reprinted the following item from a London newspaper:” There are 775300000 people in the world. Of these, arbitrary governments command 741800000 and the free ones (including 10 million Indians) only 33 million. Of these few, 12 million are subjects or descendants of the British Empire-half of the freemen of the world. On the whole, slaves are three and twenty times more numerous than men enjoying, in any tolerable degree, the rights of human nature.The anonymous author of these calculations did not specify what he meant by freedom-he doubtless assumed yet the statement itself contains (in addition to the sexism) at least sex implicit and not altogether consistent comments upon the nature and origins of liberty. The first two are definitions in terms of opposites. Freedom is the opposite of slavery: these two conditions alone are possible, and all people are either slaves or freemen. Again, freedom is the opposite of arbitrary rule: it is life under a government of laws, wherein rulers govern according to known and fixed principles. --------------------------Toxicity, like hazard, is a relative factor inconsideration of adverse effects or response upon animal or plant life. Absolute safety is unattainable. Facetiously, pathologists emphasize that living is indeed a hazardous process. We make decisions and adjustments daily to mitigate, or hopefully eliminate, the hazards in our living or environment. Certain nomenclature is used in defining the type of hazard or toxicity, which is the immediate or short-term adverse effect from exposure to a toxic agent such as a pesticide. Pesticides are chemicals which are toxic and are intended as such to eliminate pests. Beyond the short-term or acute effect evidenced in accidental poisoning to pesticides is the sub-chronic toxic effect which, in experimental animals, would mean three to six months; and for man a matter of months or longer. Finally, there is the more subtle and pernicious effect of a toxic chemical after a long period of exposure, usually referred to as chronic toxicity. Clinically, certain diseases are referred to as chronic since the illness is protracted and the symptoms observable over a span of months and years. The adverse biomedical response from a toxic agent on a chronic basis can be reflected in certain disease processed, one of which is cancer. Our attention is directed to this unwanted, debilitating effect which has been described as a “hundred diseases” because of its complexity, its site of action (target organs), and its variable mechanism under imposed conditions.----------------------
[此贴子已经被sheng于2005-7-31 14:38:37编辑过]
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把我做的翻译结果法上来请大家斧正。
先暂时只发其中两篇。
也不知道有没有人看。。。。
Americans are not suing each other as often as they did a decade ago. California, in particular, has seen a steep decline in high-stakes personal injury suits.
十年前、アメリカ人はしばしば互いに訴えていたが、現在は変わってきた。特に、カリフォニアでは、個人の高額損害賠償がある訴訟は急激に減少してきたことが分かった。
America's litigation explosion has fizzled. Americans are no longer suing each other as much. Californians are suing each other much less. After years of steady decline, the number of big-money personal injury lawsuits in California is roughly half of what it was a decade ago. Small claim have fallen to levels unseen in 30 years.
アメリカで、訴訟の爆発的増加という状況は立ち消えた。アメリカ人は、互いに前ほど訴えていない。カリフォニア人は、互い訴えるのは更に少なくなっている。間断のない数年間の減少を経て、カリフォニアでの多額の個人損害賠償請求訴訟の数は、ほぼ十年前の半分になっている。請求額が小さな訴訟は、三十年以来の見られないレベルに落ちた。
Scholars, attorneys, judges and consumer and corporate advocates offer a variety of possible explanations, including:
The success of business and insurance company-advocated “tort reforms” in the form of legislation and judicial rulings that have made it less lucrative for plaintiffs' lawyers to take some claims to court.
学者、弁護士、裁判者、消費者及び会社の代表者は、次を含む可能な説明を提供している：以上の現象は、立法と司法裁決の形で原告弁護士から裁判所に請求してくるのにあまり利益のない訴訟という“不法行為の改革”を主張しているビジネスと保険会社の成功である。
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In reality, 90 percent of energy used in the world comes from fossil fuels, of which there is only a limited supply. This is a very serious problem. It is clear that the populations and demand for energy in developing countries will further increase. We should take “regret-free measures” to resolve such problems.
現在は、エネルギーの九十パーセントは有限の化石燃料を使っている。これは非常に厳しい問題である。発展途上国の人口と要求するエネルギーは増加するだろうということが明らかった。私たちは、そのような問題を解決するために「後悔なしの手段」を採用しなければならない。
It is unavoidable that developing countries will strengthen their economies and increase energy consumption. Based on this premise we have to achieve development in harmony with environmental protection on a global scale. To do so, we have to improve the efficiency of energy supply and use.
発展途上国は、経済力を強化とエネルギーの消費増加が避けられない。この前提を基づいて、私たちは地球全体の環境保護と協調して発展を達成させなければならない。そのため、私たちはエネルギーの供給の効率性と使用を改良しなければならない。
To attain that goal, we must not only rely on technology but also make efforts to change our social and economic systems. We have to move toward a recycling society. These points have gradually become clear.
その目的のために、私たちは工業技術に頼るだけでなく、または私たちの社会と経済システムを変わるための努力をしなければならない。私たちはこの社会をリサイクル社会に発展しなければならない。これらのポイントは次第に明晰になっている。
I want to add one more thing regarding international cooperation. I find the so-called joint implementation method very important. Under the method, some countries jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by making use of advantages each country has. Japan, as an industrialized country, should become involved in such efforts in a clear framework of joint implementation.
私は、国際協力に関することをもう一つ追加していきたい。私はいわゆる協力の実施方法は非常に重要だと感じている。この方法で、一部の国はある強みを互いに使って、共同的に温室効果ガス排気問題を減少した。日本は、既に工業化した国として、協力の実施方法の明晰な体制の中のそのような努力を関わらなければならない。
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lyr80
纯银会员
在日留学生
我考上智新闻科的时候,是45分钟内,把一篇传媒界巨人的传记翻译成日语,相对于前几年的考题,还不算特别难.刚开始练习的时候,45分钟我连原文都读不完,考试的时候我被逼急了,边看边翻,不会的就空过去,结果做完最后一句的时候时间也到了,卷面也没写干净,用词也没好好推敲,但总归把大意翻出来了,我不知道我的英文在一起考的人中算什么水平,其实考试的时候,往往顾不得那么多了,有多少写多少,速度才是最重要的.
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看了上面的英语文章之后，我觉得，其实总体难度不太大，每一篇均短于国内6级的阅读理解，而且也没有明显的智力和逻辑陷阱。比起国内的文科硕士统一入学英语试题，还是有难度上的差距。现在国内的硕士试题，已经发展得比较极端了，能及格的人，不超过30%。
可惜是要用日语答，偶现在日语还很菜，没法顺利表达。。。。
[em04]
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以下是引用粉色风铃在2004-11-8 13:59:09的发言：
[em01][em01]sheng 你是英语生么？？[em01]
什么叫英语生？
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国内考大学时选择英语考试的，应该就是这个吧。
[em01][em01][em01]
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-8 15:21:07编辑过]
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我有京都大学历年修士考试的英语的所有试卷``
京都大学的考试 除了重4篇文章中选一篇翻译 还有回答问题 跟翻译划线部分的题目
楼上的那是全部题吗
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以下是引用傻微微在2004-11-9 2:09:14的发言：
我有京都大学历年修士考试的英语的所有试卷``
京都大学的考试 除了重4篇文章中选一篇翻译 还有回答问题 跟翻译划线部分的题目
楼上的那是全部题吗
你可以给大家看看吗？最好经济类的
[em01]
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